Codex manuscriptus Codex manuscriptus 2949-0510 2949-0502 IWL RAS https://doi.org/10.22455/CM.2949-0510-2024-5-416-435   Research Article Articles Literary Struggle and the Fate of Its Participants: to the History of the Formation of LOKAF and Its Leningrad-Baltic Branch Sysoeva Anastasia V. codeximli@yandex.ru 03 04 2024 5 416 435   Literary Association of the Red Army and Navy (Leningrad Baltic Branch; LBO LOKAF) RAPP LAPP Litfront N.G. Svirin V.V. Vishnevskij A.M. Dmitriev the literary process of the 1930s politics and literature Copyright © 2026, IWL RAS 2026 The paper examines for the first time the history of the formation of LOKAF in connection with the episode of the confrontation inside RAPP. The source base of the work includes periodicals, archival sources and a collection of transcripts “Creative discussion in RAPP”. In May 1930, the opposition (“unit”, since August — “Litfront”) presented at the 3rd LAPP’s Regional conference. The confrontation touched a part of literary Leningrad, including the Red Army group “Krasnaya Zvezda”. The group, which initially supported the leadership, joined the unit because of the rapprochement with the Red Navy group. Declaration of 16 Leningrad groups, which was basically made by N.G. Svirin (“Krasnaya Zvezda”) and read at the conference by V.V. Vishnevskij (Red Navy literary group), was declared a program for the opposition at whole. The union of military groups was a step towards the formation of LOKAF. The idea of creating LOKAF was approved at the RAPP secretariat. The leaders of the LOKAF’s Leningrad-Baltic Branch steadily asserted their positions during the crush of the Litfront. After the end of the con- flict, they received a dangerous label of having made a political mistake. 1. Babenysheva, E. Stepan Shchipachev: kritiko-biograficheskii ocherk [Stepan Shchipachev: a Critical and Biographical Essay]. Moscow, Goslitizdat Publ., 1957. 179 p. (In Russ.) 2. Bystrova, , and A. Kuteinikova. “‘Literaturnyi front’: khronika protivostoianiia” [“‘Literary Front’: a Сhronicle of Сonfrontation”]. Tekstologicheskii vremennik. Russkaia literatura XX veka: Voprosy tekstologii i istochnikovedeniia [Textual Temporary. Russian Literature of the 20th Century: Questions of Textology and Source Studies], vol. 2. Moscow, IWL RAS Publ., 2012, pp. 789–813. (In Russ.) 3. Zakruzhnaia, S. Istoriia Literaturnogo ob’’edineniia Krasnoi armii i flota (LOKAF) (po materialam Otdela rukopisei IMLI RAN) [The History of the Literary Association of the Red Army and Navy (LOKAF) (Based on the Materials of the Department of Manuscripts of IWL RAS): PhD Dissertation]. Moscow, 2019. 351 p. (In Russ.) 4. Zakruzhnaia, S., and D.S. Moskovskaia. “Institutsional’noe izmerenie sovetskoi literatury. K istorii zabytogo literaturnogo ob’’edineniia LOKAF” [“Institutional Aspect of Soviet Literature. History of the Forgotten Literary Union LOKAF”]. Filologicheskii klass, no. 2 (52), 2018, pp. 12–18. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.26170/fk18-02-02 5. Sheshukov, I. Neistovye revniteli: iz istorii literaturnoi bor’by 20-kh godov [Passionate Adherents: from the History of Literary Struggle of the 20s]. Moscow, Prometei Publ., 2013. 336 p. (In Russ.) 6. Shoshin, A. “Leningradsko-Baltiiskoe  otdelenie  Literaturnogo ob’’edineniia Krasnoi Armii i Flota (1930–1934)” [“Leningrad-Baltic Branch of the Literary Association of the Red Army and Navy (1930–1934)”]. Muromskii, V.P., editor. Iz istorii literaturnykh ob’’edinenii Petrograda–Leningrada 1920–1930-kh godov: Issledovaniia i materialy [From the History of the Literary Associations of Petrograd–Leningrad 1920–1930s: Studies and Materials], vol. 2. St. Petersburg, Nauka Publ., 2006, pp. 160–189. (In Russ.)